Roles of c-Fos, EGR-1, PKA, and PKC in cognitive dysfunction in rats after propofol anesthesia

Abstract This study aimed to investigate possible changes in the spatial memory of rats and the expression or activity of EGR-1, c-Fos, PKA, and PKC after propofol anesthesia. Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats aged 20 months and 36 Sprague-Dawley rats aged three months were each randomly divided into three groups: the control group, the Morris Water Maze (MWM) group, and the propofol group. In the propofol groups of both young and aged rats, the rats were anesthetized by propofol for two or four hours and then performed the MWM test two days or two weeks after anesthesia to assess cognitive function. EGR-1, c-Fos, PKA, and PKC expressions in the rat hippocampus were determined via immunohistochemistry. For the older rats, the escape latency in the P4h/2d group was significantly prolonged (P < 0.05), and the learning curve was right-shifted in the P4h/2w group (P < 0.05). The expression levels of EGR-1, c-Fos, PKA, and PKC in the MWM groups were significantly higher than those in the control groups (P < 0.05). In the P4h/2d group of aged rats, the expression levels of both PKA and PKC were decreased compared with those of the MWM groups. The decreased expression of both protein kinases may be responsible for the observed impairment after propofol anesthesia

Stingless bee propolis, metformin, and their combination alleviate diabetic cardiomyopathy

Abstract Background and aim: Stingless bee propolis, a resinous compound processed by mandibular secretion of stingless bees, is used for maintenance of hygiene and stability of beehives. Research on stingless bee propolis shows therapeutic properties attributed to polyphenols exhibiting antioxidative, antihyperglycemic and antiischemic effect. However, the cardioprotective effect of stingless bee propolis on diabetic cardiomyopathy is unknown. Methods: Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomised to five groups: normal group, diabetic group, diabetic given metformin (DM+M), diabetic given propolis (DM+P) and diabetic given combination therapy (DM+M+P) and treated for four weeks. Body weight, fasting blood glucose, food and water intake were taken weekly. At the end of experiment, biomarkers of oxidative damage were measured in serum and heart tissue. Antioxidants in heart tissue were quantified. Part of left ventricle of heart was processed for histological staining including Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain for myocyte size and Masson's Trichrome (MT) stain for heart fibrosis and perivascular fibrosis. Results: Propolis alleviated features of diabetic cardiomyopathy such as myocyte hypertrophy, heart fibrosis and perivascular fibrosis associated with improvement in antioxidative status. Conclusion: This study reports beneficial effect of propolis and combination with metformin in alleviating histopathological feature of diabetic cardiomyopathy by modulating antioxidants, making propolis an emerging complementary therapy.

Antioxidative Propolis From Stingless Bees (Heterotrigona Itama) Preserves Endothelium-Dependent Aortic Relaxation of Diabetic Rats: The Role of Nitric Oxide and Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate

Propolis from stingless bees (Heterotrigona itama) is a resinous compound that exhibits antihyperglycaemia, free radical scavenging, and cardioprotective properties. The effect of propolis on diabetic vessels has not been investigated. Thus, this research aimed to determine the effect of propolis supplementation on the level of antioxidants and its mechanism of action in the aorta of diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n=8/group): healthy (control), untreated diabetes (DM), metformin-treated diabetes (DM+M, 300 mg/kg/day metformin), propolis-treated diabetes (DM+P, 300 mg/kg/day propolis extract) and diabetes with combined treatment (DM+M+P, dosage as former). Oral supplementation was conducted for four weeks immediately upon successful induction of diabetes by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection). At the end of the study, the rats were euthanised, and thoracic aorta was processed into tissue homogenates to determine the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE). Aorta segments were harvested to examine their relaxation response towards graded concentration of acetylcholine (Ach; 10-8-10-4) M following precontraction with phenylephrine (PE; 10-6 M). Vasorelaxation towards a cumulative dose of propolis (0.01-1.00%) using PE-precontracted healthy aorta (n=6/experiments) was investigated under various simulated conditions: physiological buffer, L-NAME (10-4 M), methylene blue (10-5 M), indomethacin (10-5 M) and elevated glucose (25 mM). Propolis maintained antioxidative enzymes and sRAGE decoy molecules in the aortic tissue of the diabetic rats. The amelioration of diabetes-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation by propolis was mediated through the nitric oxide(NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. This non-clinical study reports vasoprotective property of propolis in diabetes mellitus.

Efeito da restrição calórica e do treinamento resistido em marcadores de resistência à insulina de ratas ovariectomizadas / Effect of calorie restriction and strength training on markers of insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats

Neste estudo, avaliamos o efeito da restrição calórica e do treinamento resistido na massa corporal e na sensibilidade à insulina de ratas ovariectomizadas. 80 ratas fêmeas da linhagem Holtzman foram distribuídas em 8 grupos (n=10 cada): ovariectomizado (OVX), ovariectomizado com restrição calórica (OVX RC), ovariectomizado com treinamento resistido (OVX TR), ovariectomizado com restrição calórica e treinamento resistido (OVX TR+RC), Sham operado (SHAM), Sham com restrição calórica (SHAM RC), sham com treinamento resistido (SHAM TR), sham com restrição calórica e treinamento resistido (SHAM TR+RC). Após 13 semanas de intervenção, foram analisados: massa corporal, gordura corporal; concentrações sanguíneas de glicose, insulina e adiponectina; conteúdo de AKT total e fosforilada, pi3k e Glut 4 (nos tecidos adiposos subcutâneo e retroperitoneal). As ratas ovariectomizadas (OVX, OVX RC, OVX TR e OVX TR+RC) apresentaram maior massa corporal e gordura corporal quando comparadas ao grupo SHAM. As concentrações de glicose e insulina foram semelhantes em todos os grupos experimentais, porém a concentração de adiponectina foi menor nos grupos ovariectomizados (OVX, OVX RC, OVX TR e OVX TR+RC), quando comparados ao grupo SHAM. A RC e o TR aumentaram a concentração de adiponectina quando comparado ao grupo OVX. Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação à via de sinalização da insulina nos tecidos adiposos subcutâneo e retroperitoneal. Concluímos que a ovariectomia causa aumento de massa e gordura corporal, levando à menor concentração de adiponectina, e que a RC e o TR alteram estas modificações

In this study, we evaluated the effect of calorie restriction and strength training on the body weight and insulin sensitivity of ovariectomized rats. Eighty female Holtzman rats were divided into eight groups (n=10 per group): ovariectomized (OVX), ovariectomized plus calorie restriction (OVX-CR), ovariectomized plus strength training (OVX-ST), ovariectomized plus strength training and calorie restriction (OVX-ST+CR), sham operated (SHAM), sham plus calorie restriction (SHAM-CR), sham plus strength training (SHAM-ST), and sham plus strength training and calorie restriction (SHAM-ST+CR). The following variables were analyzed after 13 weeks of intervention: body weight; body fat; blood concentrations of glucose, insulin and adiponectin; total and phosphorylated AKT content; pi3k and Glut 4 (in subcutaneous and retroperitoneal adipose tissues). Ovariectomized rats (OVX, OVX-CR, OVX-ST, and OVX-ST+CR) had a higher body weight and body fat than SHAM animals. Glucose and insulin concentrations were similar in all experimental groups, but adiponectin concentration was lower in the ovariectomized groups (OVX, OVX-CR, OVX-ST, and OVX-ST+CR) when compared to the SHAM group. Calorie restriction and ST increased the concentration of adiponectin when compared to the OVX group. There was no difference between groups in terms of insulin signaling in subcutaneous or retroperitoneal adipose tissue. We conclude that ovariectomy increases body weight and body fat, reducing adiponectin concentration, and that CR and ST alter these modifications

Duración de la vida en ratas desnutridas, utilizando dieta básica del Nordeste Brasileño / Duration of the live in malnourished rats, utilizing basic diet of the Northeast of Brazil

Se evaluaron los efectos de una dieta básica del Nordeste brasileño (DBR) sobre el crecimiento y la duración de la vida en 23 ratas Sprague Dawley cuyas madres recibieron la referida dieta desde la fertilización, comparadas con 20 animales provenientes de madres que recibieron dieta balanceada de caseína (22 por ciento de proteína). Al destete los animales continuaron recibiendo la dieta materna, siendo observados diariamente y pesados semanalmente hasta ocurrir la muerte. la curva ponderal de los animales machos, que recibieron la DBR no se diferencia de la de las hembras. En ellos no fueron definidos los momentos críticos de aceleración del crecimiento. Hubo reducción de la sobrevida de los animales con DBR, hasta los 75 días de edad, estabilidad entre 75 y 450 días y a seguír muertes sucesivas hasta los 589 días de edad. Los controles sobrevivieron hasta los 860 días de edad. Estos resultados permiten admitir que la deficiencia crónica de la DBR es determinante sobre el crecimiento y la longevidad y llevan a la necesidad de corregir el patrón alimentario básico de la población del Nordeste brasileño, objetivando entre otros aspectos, evitar una baja esperanza de vida